Astrophysics of Dust ASP Conference Series, Vol. *, 2004

Currently ∼36 different absorption bands have been detected in the infrared spectra of cold, dense interstellar and circumstellar environments. These are attributed to the vibrational transitions of ∼17 different molecules frozen on dust grains. We review identification issues and summarize the techniques required to extract information on the physical and chemical evolution of these ices. Both laboratory simulations and line of sight studies are essential. Examples are given for ice bands observed toward high mass protostars, fields stars and recent work on ices in disks surrounding low mass protostars. A number of clear trends have emerged in recent years. One prominent ice component consists of an intimate mixture between H 2 O, CH 3 OH and CO 2 molecules. Apparently a stable balance exists between low temperature hydrogena-tion and oxidation reactions on grain surfaces. In contrast, an equally prominent ice component, consisting almost entirely of CO, must have accreted directly from the gas phase. Thermal processing, i.e. evaporation and crystallization, proves to be readily traceable in both these ice components. The spectroscopic signatures of energetic processing by cosmic rays and high energy photons from nearby protostars are weaker and not as well understood. A fundamental limitation in detecting complex , energetically produced (and also some simple) species is blending of weak features in the spectra of protostars. Sophisticated techniques are required to extract information from blended features. We conclude with a summary of key goals for future research and prospects for observations of ices using future instrumentation, including SIRTF/IRS.